Sardines (Sardinops sagax) are small, fast growing species that form the basis of the food chain, form large schools, and have shown large fluctuations in population size. Globally, it is a well established that these species undergo decadal fluctuations and the populations of sardine and anchovy fluctuate slightly out of sync with one another due…

Portuguese sardines can be found throughout the North Atlantic eastern continental margin from Senegal to the British Isles and in the Mediterranean and adjacent seas. It is commercially exploited across its distribution range, with the most important fisheries occurring in upwelling areas. Sardine is a pelagic fish that forms large schools that off the Iberian…